STRANGE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS: MOVE To MERGE BIHAR AND WEST BENGAL!O MERGE BIHAR AND WEST BENGAL!!

Some Time strange political developments take place in India. Bihar, Bengal , Orrisa were part and parcels after Buxar battle in 1764 and the British's East  India Company had created Presidency of Bengal , merging these three regions in one part. Thereafter , during British Raj, the Raj  separated Bengal and created Bihar and Orrisa a separate state in 1912. Again in 1935, after creation of  India Act, enacted by British Parliament, Orrisa was separated from Bihar and Bihar became new state! Orrisa was also born separately.Subsequently many developments had  taken place and India got independence in 1947 and we got a New Constitution of Independent India.
Notably, some portion of Bihar like Purulia areas of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal under. the recommendations of the State Reorganisation Commission. Much hue and cry were raised over the transfer of parts and districts of Bihar to West Bengal..Matter took serious turn with animosity between the people of Bihar and West Bengal. Amid sentimental atmosphere, the Indian National Congress had approved a resolution merging Bihar and West Bengal in its Anmritsar session. The then chief Ministers Dr Sri Krishna Singh (Bihar) and Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy had signed on an agreement for merger of Bihar and West Bengal on January 23, 1956 and  for carrying the resolutions of merger in their respective Legislatures.Remarkably, Dr Sri Krishna Sinha held a press conference in Delhi and announced to utter surprise of the people that by May 1956, a bill will be introduced in the Parliament to formalise the merger of Bihar and West Bengal. Later on Orrisa will also be merged with the merged state of West Bengal and Bihar!
Amid politically surcharged atmosphere during those days. the then Governor of Bihar Dr R R Diwakar, while addressing the joint session of Bihar Legislature on January 31, 1956, informed the legislators the desire of the SKSinha government to bring a resolution in both the houses of  the Legislature for merging both Bihar and West Bengal into single state.While narrating the sequences of events in the wake of bifurcating some areas including Purulia from Bihar and merge with West Bengal, Dr Diwakar had told the joint session" lack of far sightedness, gravity of political situation, such resolution of merger of two states would have rarely come out in this Legislature:.He cautioned the Legislature about far reaching political developments in the wake of coming up such resolution of merger of these two states: the merger could not be easy; it should be very cautiously think over and opinion of people should also be sought over such ticklish issue.--------such decision must not be taken in casual manner----------approach for such discussion must not be hatred and competitiveness but harmony and cooperation of the people of both the states."
Both the houses of Bihar Legislature discussed in detail on the Thanks Motion to Joint address of the Governor over the issue from February 01 , 1956 to February 06, 1956 intensively and passed the motion of Thanks.
Even after, such subtle approach of  Dr Diwakar and members of both the houses of the Bihar Legislature over merger of Bihar and West Bengal, both the chief ministers Dr S K sinha (Bihar) and Bidhanchandra Roy (West Bengal) brought the merger resolution in their respective Legislature. Dr S K SInha put formal resolution to merge Bihar with West Bengal on February 24, 1956 in the Bihar Legislature. After intensive discussions over merger issue for   two days, Bihar Legislature passed the resolution for merger of Bihar-Bengal in single state on February 25, 1956 by 156 votes in favour and 25, opposing the motion! One of the strangest aspects of the Bihar Legislature was that had it approved the resolution in the interest of people of Bihar? And history wants reply of this question! Such resolution was passed in West Bengal Legislature also between the same time. But Bidhan Chandra Roy withdrew the resolution of merger  on March 13, 1956. But clash of interest over territory of Bihar did not end there!
According to detailed compilation of records of the Legislature proceedings of those days , anchored from the Legislative achieves , the then Chairman of the Bihar Legislative Council Prof Jabir Hussain;, who edited the proceedings of the houses and other reports,kept in gathering dust in the Legislative council secretariat, has quoted at least two vital quotable quotes. on September 15, 1998; Prof Hussain, known for his scholarship, had quoted the then Pioneer (now defunct),over the issue  kept in the secretariat having gathering dust ! The Pioneer, which had written this topics when movement of separating Bihar from Bengal was at its zenith, had said,"Behar has always been Behar., Bengal Bengal. The people and the nobles of Behar are justly proud of their country and will doubtless rejoice to see it severed from a common rule with Bengal, with which in climate, in crops, in  manners and morals, it has nothing in common."
Before I continue on another such quotable quotes, edited  by Prof Hussain of Jonh Malchom, based on Max Muller, I  strongly feel to refer most important aspects of merger resolution of Bihar and  West Bengal  and subsequent developments. Amid all these fast changing political developments over the issue, there was a great political personality. His name was Jay Prakash Narayan, who strongly protested the merger of Bihar and West Bengal. In Delhi Jay Prakash Narayan met the them Prime Minister Pundit Jawahar Lal Nehru and spoke to him expressing his strong protest and anguish and dismay of the people of Bihar over merger of Bihar with West Bengal
In another records in the Legislative Council, according to Prof Hussain, Sir John Malchom, who   had based his statement to  Max Muller on Bihar, had said, "-------but from the moment you enter the districts of Behar, the inhabitants are a race of men, generally speaking, not more distinguished by their lofty stature and noble frame than they are for some of the finest qualities of the mind. They are brave, generous, humane and their truth is as remarkable as their courage."
It will be proper to refer at least as passing references of debate on Motion of Thanks on Governor address to the joint session and also on the resolution of Dr S K Snha to merge Bihar with West Bengal .the Debate was hotly discussed in the Legislature. To begin with, a legislator, Shree Nayan Jee had moved amendment over the references of merger of Bihar and West Bengal in the governor's address and said, " --------but deeply regret the reference to the proposal of merger of the two states of Bihar and West Bengal as the proposal if given effect to is bound to affect adversely both the states and unity of the country." Another interesting speech of another legislator in the council Shri Abdul Hayat Chand, who while expressing his dismay  over the issue, had said "na tarapne ki ijajajt hai na fariyad ki hai; ghut kar mar jaun yah marji mere saiyad ki hai." Chand , while criticising Dr S K Sinha had said, "-----and lastly regret that Governor's address fails to bring in its true light the highly authoritarian and partisan and manner in which the chief minister has sought to wipe out the very existence of Bihar from the political map of the country."Similar interesting views had been expressed in the proceedings over merger of Bihar and West Bengal.
Noted legislators of those period like Ram Charitra Sinha, Jamuna Prasad Sinha, Ignesh Kujur, Rana Shivlakhpati Singh, Yogendra Ghosh, Basawan Sinha, Binodanand Jha etc  had raised many aspects over mereger of both the states, by points of order, amendments and other legislative modes for stalling the resolution.However the resolution was okayed by majority votes.
Now when I reminiscence the past, I find the quality of leadership in India was not  so perfect as we used to think about statures of political leaders of during during those days. With the withdrawal of the resolution by Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy, the matter ended and merger plan of the then Congress party did not succeed!

NATIONAL PARTIES VIS-A-VIS REGIONAL PARTIES IN INDIAN DEMOCRACY!

In 1966 Dr Ram Manohar Lohia, while lambasting Congress Party for creating regional imbalances and exploitation of poor as well as rampant price rise in India, had commented in a public speech in l historic and sprawling Gandhi Maidan in Patna  that in years to come democratic process in India will be strengthened with a host of regional parties, having secular and socialist credentials rooting in the election arena in the process of capturing power from national parties like Congress in states and at the centre. By that time many socialist thinking politicians, who were part and parcels of the Congress, had left Congress and started launching  regional parties of socialist  orientation under the present democratic structures in India. In the process , the present Hindu party-the Bharatiya Janata Party, which was originally Jan Sangh and had considerable support in the country, had also faced the tune of revolt.From Jan Sangh, number of leaders also resigned and had joined conservative and bourgeoisie party like Swatntra Party and many other outfits, having communal credentials.
 Churning process in democratic system in India , which had started after independence of the country in  1947, continued. As regards united left party, number of communist leaders, who had formed the communist party, could not go together and splits after splits in Communist party,  made the left forces weaker. But in few states like Kerala and West Bengal, the communist forces grew gradually.Rule of left front government led by CPI(M) stalwarts Jyoti Basu and later by CPI(M) leader Buddhdeo Bhattacharya continued for over 30 years in West Bengal and Left parties continues to be strong o in Kerala in extreme south India More progressive communist leaders, separated from mainstream communist party, had started revolution in Telegana region of Andhra Pradesh and many other states, who were later termed Naxalites and now they are called mainly Maoists.Some of them differ with the present democratic forces and wanted direct revolution against  feudal forces to revenge exploitation of poor, dalits, tribal etc. Influences of Naxalites or Maoists have also to some extend lessened exploitation of poor in Naxalite-influenced parts of the country and the union government and respective state governments have started launching progressive measures in neglected areas.
The prophecy of Dr Ram Manohar Lohia came true. Even before his such statement, for the first time, CPI, having no national status so far because of differences of opinion overt Marxism and Leninism among socialists and communists, a first non-Congress government of Communist Party of India got victory in the Assembly elections of Kerala during the premiership of Pundit Jawahar Lal Nehru in 1950s. First Communist government led by E M S Namboodaripad was installed in 1950s. But in the middle of 1960s, number of state governments were formed by non-congress parties. Coalition arrangements of smaller regional parties remained key factors in installing non-congress governments in various states including Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat etc.In this game because of numerical lesser strength of the so called Jan Sangh , now Bharatiya Janata Party, had also joined the anti-congress forces.
More over in many states , particularly in Bihar, the then Jan Sangh remained coalition partners and its legislators were ministers with communist and other socialist parties. Currently in new avatar-BJP is coalition partners in governments in Bihar and Punjab. Likewise, Congress being national party , is also coalition partners in West Bengal government led by Mamta Baneerjee. Congress also remained coalition partners in Rabari-Laloo government in Bihar.Now taking into polarisation of Hindu votes, the Bharatiya Janata Party also become national party and joined the tags of Congress in such term.
Strengthening  of coalition era proved successful when under the leadership of Lok Nayak Jay Prakash Narayan all non-congress  parties except Communist parties merged into a single Party -Janata Party- and succeeded in defeating the Congress led by Indira Gandhi after much-maligned emergency in the country. Morarjee Desai was installed prime minister, first -ever non-congress government in Delhi.
Thereafter, number of coalition governments have survived including the present one -UPA government led by Manmohan Singh in Delhi. Some of the government remained short-lived at the centre but democratic system continued as usual!Congress leadership led by Sonia Gandhi of Nehru clan , who were dithering over joining coalition politics, had to realise the truth and only after that Congress could get some strength and won maximum seats and formed UPA government under the leadership of Manmohan Singh twice.
In between national politics had seen many twists and turns! Demolition of Babari Masjid in course of Somnath to Ayodhya rathyatra of the BJP leader Lal Krishna Advani also changed the political scenario of the country mainly because of consolidation of Hindu votes.But the influence of BJP among masses had started also declining in view of recent assembly elections results.The BJP is gradually losing its grip over masses and except Karnataka in south India, it continues to be the party of Hindi heartland and cow belts.Although as the voting pattern in entire country shows, the Congress continues to be national party as the party gets votes in each and every parts of the country, but its number of seats in Lok Sabha , Rajya Sabha as well as state assemblies are  declining sharply, posing a big question mark whether the BJP and Congress will remain national parties!
During all these years of coalition era, regional parties had trumped. These regional parties had important says in forming governments at the centre and different states.In coalition politics, masses have to great extend benefited and fruits of developments have spread in states also. It was  moribund during one party rule of Congress in successive years because of lack-lustre regional imbalances, created by it in the country. Says of states have gradually pushed the centre and its Planning commission to flow of funds for equal development of the states. It was because of the pressure of coalition partners, dynamic and progressive programmes like quadrilateral communication network in the country during Atal Behari Vajpayee regime and right to information Act, employment guarantee schemes, right to education etc by UPA government of Manmohan Singh  had been implemented on the basis of common minimum programmes of both the coalition governments at the centre as well as  by different state governments, having coalition arrangements
Notably, Congress and BJP should also accept the reality of facts and find path of coalition politics, which is rather strengthening the democracy and also fruits of developments are reaching to the grass-root level. Unity and integrity of the country as well as politics of development not the path of confrontation should be motto of these so called national parties. The days of single party rule  at national and states level are gone. Many regional leaders have emerged and they appear capable to handle the affairs of the country under democratic process. It also appears the liking of Indian electorate in the country!
The latest results of assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Goa, had again proved that national parties -Congress and BJP- cannot control the country single-handedly. Although in some cases, it was a fractured verdict, theory of consensuses could form the government in Uttarakhand specially

HYPE OVER BIHAR DIWAS VIS-A-VIS FACTS ABOUT CREATION OF BIHAR!

Much hype is being created over the Bihar and its 100th years anniversary by the present government led by the chief minister Nitish Kumar in next one week! People of Bihar and the Nitish government first must know the exactly the real birth day of Bihsar!
The  British East India Company, which was instrumental in slaving the entire India in the hands of  Great Britain, was first to get Diwani right (collection of revenue and governance) after the battle of Buxar in 1764 for "Bihar, Bengal and Orissa" Much ups and downs were witnessed since then. The Great Britain had taken the India under its control! During the British India period, the Great Britain  had created "Presidency of Bengal(PoB)". And Bihar and, Orissa had become part of the PoB  after the East India Company handed over the governance of slavery of India to Great Britain.Bihar was ruled by PoB from Calcutta now Kolkata.
Again, the Great Britain  separated Bihar and Orissa from Bengal in 1912 and  made Bihar and Orissa a joint and separate province! Whole Bengal including present Bangla Desh was made a separate province under British Raj And finally Province of Bihar came into existence in 1935 under Government of India Act,1935, of British Raj. And Orissa became a separate state..After separation from Bengal, Bihar and Orissa was government from Patna, having headquarters of top civil servants of British Raj as well as Council (Legislative wing) here in Patna..In my opinion now it is people to decide when Bihar was born in 1764 or 1912 or 1935!
Before deliberating the other aspects of Bihar before and after independence , I feel it is necessary to bring the people to down the memory lanes about importance of Bihar and its people right from ancient India to advanced India. Bihar has wonderful history. During ancient time, Bihar was centre of learning since 5th and 8th century. The name of Bihar was probably derived from Sanskrit and Pali word as well as of Devanagari scripts. Bihar means in Hindi and Sanskrit "abode". It may be abode of Buddhists monks! Great and famed rulers like Chandragupta  Maurya, Ashoka, Samundragupta, Vikaramaditya etc remained finest rulers of the entire country from Bihar and Pataliputra.or Patna.As per historical records, Bihar was important place of power, culture, education in the last one thousand years. Spiritualism was its core. Sanskrit scholars like Panini had  given new doimension to our culture , civilisation, language and literature. Gautam Buddha got enlightenment in Boddh-Gaya and spread the message of compassion and brotherhood brotherhood in the entire world. Apart from many others, the last and tenth Guru of Sikhism Guru Govind Singh was born here in Patna city areas. Once upon a time, the ancient Nalanda university had attracted students of far-lung  countries including China, Japan, Thailand,  Indonesia, even some European countries.Since it was destroyed by despotic ruler Bahkhtiyar Khilji, who committeed massacxre In Bihar Shariff and ruined the ancient Nalanda university!
About wonder of Bihar and about Bihar , I must quote one quotable quotes of A L Basham in his book-The Wonder That Was INDIA-," "The age in which true history appeared in India was one of the great intellectual and spiritual ferment. Mystics and  shophisists of all kinds roamed through the Ganges valley, all advocating some form of metal discipline and asceticism as a mean to m salvation, but the age of Buddha, when many of the best minds were abandoning their homes and profession for a life a sceticism, was also a time of advance in commerce and politics. It produced not only philosophers as ascetics but also merchant prince and Men of action---------."
Although Dr S K Sinha was first chief minister under the British  India Act, 1935, he continued even after the India achieved independence in 1947 till his death in 1960. Dr Sngh's regime notwithstanding considered one of best governed states in the country, it was he who under his golden regime brought some tangible things like Heavy Engineering Corporation (HEC), Bokaro steel, IOC oil refinerry in Barauni,Rajendra bridge on Ganga in Mokemah, many other heavy and power  industries in united Bihar before its bifurcation  and dividing  Bihar and creating Jharkhand about ten years back . One glaring mistake Dr S K Sinha committeed  that was not constructing high dams on rivers originating from Nepal although under an treaty with Nepal during British Raj, a sum of Rs 40 crores were sent to India by Great Britain government for final construction of the dams on rivers after independence. Reluctantly the then prime minister Jawahar Lal Nehru had to hand over the sum to Punjab for constructing high dams on Bhakhara Nangal. And today Punjab is feeding the entire country because of construction of high dams and irrigation network in that state as well as industrial hubs in that state.
Alas  after his death , practically a lull was created in Bihar and the state started deteriorating.
Another remarkable features were achieved in Bihar during the regime of Krishna Ballabh Sahay, Kedar Pandey, Karpoori Thakur and Bhagwat Jha Azad.. While Sahay to some  extend implemented land reform measures and given land to landless for basgit and agriculture after enacting law to take over surplus lands from the then rajas , maharajas, landlords  and big land holders, Kedar Pandey streamlined the higher eduction in the state to great extend and during his regime, universities in the state started funtioning well and marvelously.
 Karpoor Thakur, was considered messiah of poor and imlemented reservation for dalits and , backwards, who were deprived off of jobs and education and exxploited by higher caste people in the state. Last but not the least Bhagwat Jha Azad , during his short tenure, started war against corruption in the state for the first time substantially. It was during his regime big politicians   particularly from cooperative sectors and big officials were booked on corruption charges in the state, which had brought tagible results later on .
In between successive chief ministers of the state proved ineffective, and the Bihar started going down to the drains and its backwardness aggaravated miserably.
 I do not want to name any other chief ministers, who had brought all the ills for  Bihar during their respective tenures. One chief minister institutionalised corruption in the state during his rule in 1980s. Another one and his family member, who also become chief minister, shiphonned off over Rs 850 crore from state treasury. Many criminal cases are pending against him.
Situation started down hill turn from 1980s. Corruption has adversely affected governance in the state and now the situation has reached to such height during Nitish Kumar regime that poor continued to be neglected and corruption has percolated  right from state headquarters to panchayat level in the state. Since 1980s, specially in  during Laloo-Rabari regime to Nitish Kumar rule from late 1990s to 2000s corruption and deterioration in law and order situation  have become  worse. Some definite improvement in law and order and development sectors had taken place in the beginning of  Nitish rule, but common masses are passing through agonising moments.
 Nitish failed to implement much-publicised  land reform measures despite his promises and reports of Bandopadhaya committee.Before coming to power Nitish had announced implementation of land reform measures but under the pressure of big land holders and BJP leaders, he dithered to implement the measures leaving  the lands in the hands of holders and depriving the landless their right of lands Development funds, specially central schemes , are not percolating to rural poor.. Government officials and ruling class politicians comprising JD(U) and BJP have created havoc with peoples' life. Big announcement of Nitish government have become order of the day.Curb on freedom of press in the form of undeclared censorship have posed a big question mark over freedom of expression.Authoritarian attitude of Nitish Kumar and bureacratic cobweb remind the people of how Hitler in the garb of democracy had imposed the dictatorship in Germany!
Only hope appears on youths of Bihar. Bihar has 58 percent youths below 25 years of age. Such data of youths is highest in comparision to other states.. As regards sign of development, Bihar is agriculture based state. Its soils has highest fertility . Rural masses are trying their best to produce maximum from their lands.One more thing is remarkable factor  in Bihar and its residents. They are definitely developing but not at the cost of assistance and help "rahmo-karam" of government of Nitish Kumar but of their own by dint of hard labour.
Now youths of Bihar could give a new road of development  overthrowing present decadent politicians, who are exploiting the people in the name of shining slogans o in Bihar. Lot of youths are also getting specialised education in other parts of the country. Many Biharis are working in other states and sending money to their kiths and kins here. And development is taking shape!

SANSKRIT-HINDU NUMERALS AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS!

Sanskrit is most scientific literature of the world! Once upon a time, we Indians were leading the entire globe in science and technology. The concept of zero was invented by our ancestors.The Arabs borrowed it from us and the European borrowed it from the Arabs .Our numerals is expressed  in numbers  in astronomical terms.
Markandey Katju, a former judge of the Supreme Court, in his lecture delivered to non-resident Indians in California in June 2011, has dwelt at length these scientific terminology of numbers and alphabets, discovered by our ancestors. Remarkably Katju's explanations about the zero  is wonderful- for example, Katju has said," one thousand requires 1 with three zeros, add two more zeros it becomes one lakh, add two more zeros it becomes one arab, two more zeros one kharab, two more zeros one neel, two more zeros one sankh, two more zeros on mahasankh etc. Each of these large numbers has names."
Notably, Arabian, Persian and Urdu are written from right to left, but you ask any of writer of these languages to write any number randomly, say, 152 of 1,085, he will  write it from left to right. What does it indicate? It indicates that these numbers were taken from language that was written from left to right, and now it is accepted that decimal system was invented by Indians, who could conceive very high numbers unlike the Romans, Kattju has said.
One more example will substantiate the arguments and logic of Katju. It is believed that Kaliyuga, in which we are living, has 4,32,000 years; according to Vishnu Purana.. The Yug (age) before Kaliyuga was Dwapara yug, in which Krishna lived. That was twice as long as Kaliyuga, therefore it was of 8,64,000 years, Before that there was Treta yuga, in which Ram lived. It was thrice as long as Kaliyuga. And before that there was Satyyuga, which was four times as long as Kaliyuga. One Kaliyuga+one Dwapara yuga+one Treta yuga+one Satyuga is known as Chatiuryugi and one Chaturyugi is hence ten times as lons as one Kaliyuga (1+2+3+4=10).Katju has said that that means one Chaturyugi is 43,20,000 yerars long. Seventy-two Chaturyugis make one Manvantara. Fourteen Manvantaras make one one Kalpa, and 12 Kalpas make one day of Brahma. Brahma said to have lived for trillion of years. When traditional Hindu do their sankalp every day they have to mention particular day, the yuga, the Chaturygi, the Manvantara and the Kalp and the date changes daily. It is believed that out of 72 Chaturyugis, half have passed and we are in the second half of the Vaivaswsata Manvantara."
While concluding the topic,  I must mention that one must look at the flight of imagination of our ancestors about Sanskrit language and literature. In the various field of Science, for instance medicine, we made great advance. Shushrutu did plastic surgery 2000 years ago but the westerners discovered it only 200 years back. Indians are far ahead of the westerners in medical science. Similar is the case with the astronomy, which I have dwelt in my earlier write-up in the blog.END

SANSKRIT-URDU CULTURE IN INDIA!

After discussing about the India and Indian, mainly a nation of a group of hundreds  kinds of immigrants as well as the original or aborginal Indians, believed to be pre-Dravidians tribal people, called Adivasi like Bhils, the Mundas,, the Gonds,, the Todas etc, currently about seven to eight percent of the total population of India in my previous write -up in my blog, now I want to highlight about the Sanskrit-Urdu culture of India, which had continued to adhere secular character of the country!I have tried to base  my write-up on the opoinions of the eminent historians, sociologist, reputed scholars including the speech of the former judge of the Supreme Court Markandey Katju, delivered to the non-resident Indians in California in June 2011.
Both  the Sanskrit and the Urdu languages in India have been misuderstood..While there  misconception about Urdu that it is the language of Muslims and of foreigners, people think that Sanskrit  is a language for chanting mantras in temples and religious ceremonies.About Urdu false propganda is being made after 1947.Likewise, I must make it clear  that only five percent of Sanskrit literature are mantras and used in religious ceremonies. Ninety-five percent of Sanskrit literature are no way connected with religion. Sanskrit deals with varied ranges of subjects like philosophy, science, law (including astronomy, mathematics and medicines), grammar, phonetics and literature. About Urdu, I must say that the language was not only for Muslims alone but of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs and others.It was propganda spree after partition by certain vested interests that the Urdu is the language of Muslims and Hindi is language for Hindus. Before 1947, almost all the educated people in India used to study Urdu also. For many  government offices, documents were written in Urdu scripts! Sucha canard had been spread among Hindus and Muslims for deviding and ruling and also make Muslims and Hindus fight each other. All efforts were made to eliminate Urdu language and literature in India. But a lanuguage, which comes out from hearts cannot be crushed as long as people have hearts.
The Sanskrit lkanguage and literature is for enquisitive minds of people. An inquisitive minds means inquiring minds, who want to know about everything and Sanskrit has whole range of subjects, which have been discussed in this language and literature. "Sanskrit is a language of science", a paper in which everything in details have been discussed. For this, we would have to mention the constribution of Sanskrit Scholar Panini and also Nyaya Vaisheshik philosophy. Teaching of these days Sanskrit is Paninin Sanskrit, which is called classical Sanskrit or Laukik Sanskrit. There are many earlier Sanskrits. Earliest Sanskrit book is the Rig Veda. It was composed between 2000 and 1500 bc-later it was passed on orally.. With the passage of time language and literature changes-so there has been  few  change in Sanskrit also.
Panini., a greatest grammarian the world has seen, had  fixed  the rules of Sanskrit in his book "Ashtadhyayi" in the fifth century BC. There after  no further changes in the Sanskrit were allowed except some slight changes made by two other grammarians-Katyayana in his book"Vartika" about 100-200 years after Paninin and Patanjali. Patanjali had written his book "Mahabhashya" about 200 years after Katyayna. ecxcept these slight changes, what is taught in schools and colleges is Panini's Sanskrit. Panini had reformed crude sanskriyt prevailing in his time and meticulously systemised and liberalised it to make Sanskrit powerful vehicle of profound and abstaract  Niot only that Panini had made the sanskrit a powerful language in which scientifc ideas could be flowed with precision and clarity for making the language mainly uniform all over India. Thus the Sanskrit language had become interactive not only in the entire India but for thinkers in one part of the sub-continent to ineract easily with thinkers of another parts of the globe and region. Panini had scientifically arranged the consonants of the Sanskrit language unlike English  alphabets in a haphazard manner.Arrangements of letters in the alphabet in Sanskrit is carefully confirmed and has been done on the basis of scientific study.
Sanskrit has great contribution in such manner and second of that is the development of rational and scientific thinking. It was based on Nyaya Vaisheshik philosophy.The India philoshophy has six  classical systems-Nyaya, Vaisheshik, Sankya, Yoga, Purva Mimansa and Uttar Mimansa and three non-classical systems,-Buddhist, Jainist, and Charvaka. Among the nine systems eight are  atheistic as there is no place  for god in them. Only Uttam Mimansa, which is also called Vedanta, has a p[lace for God in it, according to Katju.
Vaisheshik was the physics of ancient times(the atomic or parmanu system). Katju has said, " Physics is part of science, hence at one time Vaisheshik was part of Nyaya philosophy.. It was the Nyaya Vaisheshik philosophy, which provided the scientific background and gave great encouragement to our scientists to propound scientific theories..Nyaya Vaisheshik philosophy, which says that nothing is aceptable unless it is in accordance with reason and experience."At one time we were leading the whole world in science and technology."
There are many advancements of our scientific knowledges like medicines,surgery, astronomy, calculations in comparision to Europe and America. Indians are far ahead iof the western countries in medicines. In astronomy, the calculations, which were made 2000 years ago are still the basis of predicting with great accuracy the day and time of solar eclipseor a lunar eclipse by reading a "patra." These prediction s were made 2000 years ago by our ancestors, who did not have telescopes and modern instruments; by sheer oibservation with the naked eye and power of intellect they predicted what is going to happen 2000 years in future, Katju said..
According to Katju ;with regards to Urdu, there is no match to Urdu language poetry. Urdu poetry is voice of the heart. It is none in other languages..Unlike Arabic and Persian, which are foreign languages, Urdu is an indigenous language and loved by people of India.. Urdu has a dual nature. It is combination of two languages, that is, Hindustani and Persian, which is why it is called Rekhta, which means hybrid. Since it is combination of two languages, the question arises: it is special kind of Persian or a  special kind of Hindustani? The answer is that it is speciasl kind of Hindustani not a special kind of Persian. why? Because the verbs in Urdu are all in Hindustani. The language is to which a sentence belongs is deterimined the verbs used in it, not the norms or adjectives. In Urdu, all the verbs are in simple Hindi (which is called Hindustani or khadiboli).
Urdu has dual nature because it is a combination of Hindustani and Persian. Hindustani is the  language of the common man, while Persian is the language of aristocrats. Now the question arises, Persiaian is the language of Persia, how it came to India? To explain this it has been noted that it often happens that the elite or upper class of a society speaks a foreign language. For instance, In India and Pakistan, the elite speaks in English. In Europe, elite  upto to the end of 19th century, the European aristocrsats often spoke each other in French though they spoke to their servants in the native languages. French was the language of the elite in large parts of Europe for many centuries.Elite want to distinguish itself from the common people. In India Persian was the language of the court and the elite for the centuries although Persian originated in Persia, it spread to much of South Asia including India. Akbar's foreign minister Todarmal, had passed an order that all court records throughout the Mughal empire shall be maintained in Persian, Katju said .
Katju has added further that Urdu is the common man's language, "awaam ki zubaan" because part of of it is Hindustani and, the common man's language. It is also the aristocrats' language because another parts of it is Persian, which as the aristocrat's language.The content of Urdu, that is, the feelings, emotions etc. in it are of common man. But the form, the style, the andaaz-e-bayaan is that of an aristocrat. That is what gives Urdu such great power.
According to Katju, Urdu places more reliance on emotion and Sanskrit more on  reason. We requere both of our country's progress. Urdu and Sanskrit  complement each other, and in fact Sanskrit is the grand mother of Urdu because 70 percent of the words in Urdu are from Sanskrit.Katju has said, " Since there is so much diversity in India the Only policy which will work is the policy of secularism and giving equal respect to all communities. Otherwise India will break up into hundred of pieces since there is so much diversity." Katju has said in his lecture.

INDIA AND INDIAN !

About six month back, I had read a judgement of the Supreme Court about who are the initial aboriginals and Indian in our vast land? The judgement had clearly mentioned that the pre-Dravidian tribal people people such  the Bhils, the Santhals, the Gonds, called Adivasis or Scheduled caste were the original inhabitants of India. Time changed fast, they are now hardly eight percent population  of India today-that also neglected, discriminated, oppressed etc. Thereafter I have gone through an interesting article of the justice Markandey Katju in an English fortnightly , based on a speech delivered to non-resident Indians in California in June 2011 and other sources like various articles on the website,kgfindia.com, under the title "What is Urdu-, Great injustice to Urdu in India" and "Sanskrit as a Language of Science" about initial and real inhabitants of India, its language and culture, roles of successive rulers, immigrants' invasion to India, communal harmony etc.
All these facts and opinion of Kataju and various other writers have left my mind wandering  that real and aboriginal Indians were put in the background and India now remained a country of immigrants like North America. Thus over 92 percent of population of India are not  original inhabitants of India. Their ancestors gradually came from the outside, mainly from the north-west. Only because of that India has become country of diversity, having many religions, castes, languages, ethnic groups. Despite all these diversities in India, a common culture gradually had developed, called the Sanskrit-Urdu culture.
Before deliberating Sanskrit -Urdu culture in India, I want to put forward  the present state of affairs in the country. India is passing through transitional phase, mainly from feudal agriculture society to a modern industrial society. Such situation in India, as per opinions of various historians and academicians,  are very painful and agonising period in the history of the country. Such situation are expected to continue for some more years and only thereafter India will emerge as a stable and powerful country. For examples, history of Europe had also similar churning  during 17th  to 19th centuries. Many ups and downs were witnessed In Europe during those period. There were wars, revolutions, turmoils, intellectual ferment, chaos, social upheaval etc. Only after passing through such agonising periods, Europe emerged modern society! In north America, mainly   immigrants came from Europe in over last 400 to 500 years.
India is country of old immigrants. In India people have been coming in  for 10,000 years or so.Only on two occasions, the Indians had migrated to other countries. During British Raj, huge number of Indians migrated to South Africa, Fiji, Mauritius, West Indies , different islands etc as indentured labourers in 19th century. On an another occasion after independence in the last 30 to 40 years, b brain drain had happened in India and  highly qualified engineers, scientists, doctors etc had migrated to Europe and America in search of better life! Except these two periods , hardly Indians had migrated to other countries as immigrants. Instead people continued to come to India as immigrants since long.
Usually people migrate from one place to other for greener pastures or comfort or  earn livelihood.Justice Katju has rightly said, " the reason is obvious. People migrate from uncomfortable areas to comfortable areas, obviously because  everybody want comfort. Before the industrial revolution which  started in western Europe from 18 th century and then spread all over the world, there were agricultural societies every-where. Agriculture requires level land, fertile soil, plenty of water  for irrigation, etc. All this was in abundance in the Indian subcontinent from Rawalpindi to Bangladesh and to the deep south up to Kanya Kumari. Why, will anybody migrate from to , say, AAfghanistan, which is  cold, rocky and uncomfortable and covered with snow for four  five months a year? For an agricultural society, India was really paradise, hence everybody kept rolling into India, mainly from the north-west and to a much lesser extend from the north-east."
Now the main crux of the facts  about the original inhabitants of India! Originally, it was said that Darvidians were the original inhabitants of India. Gradually, this notion was faded away. Presently it is said that even Dravidian  were also outsiders. Historians have cited certain proof like there is a Dravidian language called Brahui, spoken in western Pakistan even today by over  three million people.
Now a new theory has come to light.. The original inhabitants of India were the pre-Dravidian tribal people. They are called Adivasis  or Scheduled  Tribes in  India. They are Bhils, Santhals, the gonds, the Tedas etc- "that is, the speakers of  Austric, pre-Dravidian languages like Munda and  Gondvi. They are hardly  seven to eight percent of the Indian population today. They were pushed into the forest by the immigrants and treated badly. Except them We are all of us are descendants of immigrants, who came mainly from north-west of India", this references have been quoted by Justice Katju, referring articles "Kalidas Ghalib Academy for Mutual Understanding" on the website kgfindia.com.
There are vast difference between China and India on this score. There is homogeneity in China-they have  Mongoloid features, they have one common written scripts called Mandarin Chinese. Ninety-five percent population of China belonged to one ethnic group where as in India there is tremendous diversity, because which ever of  immigrants came into India brought in its own culture, religion, language etc. Thus India is a nation at all or is it just group of hundreds of kinds of immigrants.However the immigrants, coming to India in phases in the last over 10000 years or so by their interaction and intermingling, created a common culture, which  can be by and large  be called the Sanskrit-Urdu culture, by far the present culture of India!
(IN MY NEXT BLOG, I WILL WRITE ABOUT FAMOUS SANSKRIT-URDU CULTURE)

"I", UNSUCCESSFUL MAN!

For the last over 14 years at least, I am searching my heart and soul and exactly I am not getting what was is wrong with me! I feel myself disgusted and disappointed and exactly remember one verse of the Bhagwad Geeta 18\66, "sarva-aharman parityajya mam ekam sarana m vraja aham tvam sarva-paparbhyo moksayami ma sucah (abandon all varieties of religion and just surrender unto me. I shall deliver you from all sinful reactions.Do not fear)." Right from 1998, I have faced and am facing all misfortunes, agonies, miseries-some time I smile, laugh, wonder at my plight.Although pain , anguish, regret are not new in my life since I grew up!
It look just I am a helpless creature on the earth. Different type of ailments because of my old age is also aggravating my woes. I find no where to give me helping hands although I earn that enough to fulfil my own requirements. I have lovely wife and lovely son .Even than I feel that I have plunged into the world of disappointment and despair. (About my wife and my son , I will try to write before I die).
Some time I feel there must be some thing serious  bad with me-that is because I have been cursed and I will have to live amid all these misfortune situations!
I try very much to move for long journey of life- but I fail to take a tangible  decision. During the period I have only lost ever things and there appear no end of my misfortunes. I think I should take some firm decisions and move out from here for unknown destinations, living everything on Almighty-that I will have to do.
My ideal dreams started crashing in the last over 14 years and I silently watched all these mishappenings-but I am not not worried for that but what I am sad is that what sins I have committed-but for that I also -I do not get any answers from my heart-Ecatcly I remember my parents-even than I do get nothings. My life has become so hard that at this age I face problems in even finding some one to help in reaching me to doctors -but no doubt I , some time, get help from my some close relations! Otherwise even for doctors advice, I go alone but pain and regrets push me to fight back to the wall and also encourages me to do some efforts to reach the destination!
During this critical phase, of course very long, I will have to take decisions. But I remember Almighty Krishna telling the panacea for every things bad and live every thing to the great Loard. And I invite a death in sleep! (more in next time although my mental frame is OK by the grace of Almighty- and I do reading, writings and other karmas with the blessing of Almighty-but peace is not there in my heart and soul-Wheat her I will get salvation or enlightenment in days to come a big question!)